Prisoner of Jesus Christ — not of Rome. Paul refuses to let Caesar take ownership of his chains. He is held by Christ for a purpose.

A reframing every suffering Christian can borrow.

The mystery now revealed: Gentiles are not second-tier guests at Israel's table. They are co-heirs, co-body, co-partakers — three co- words in Greek (sunklēronoma, sussōma, summetocha).

A radical leveling that defined Paul's ministry.

Less than the least — Greek elachistoterō, a comparative of a superlative. Leaster. Paul invents a word to describe his unworthiness.

Unsearchable — Greek anexichniastos, untrackable. No tracker can follow these riches to their end. Christ's wealth has no inventory because it has no limit.

Astonishing: the church is God's exhibit hall to the unseen world. Angels are learning the wisdom of God by watching what He does in His people.

Manifold — Greek polupoikilos, many-coloured, like an embroidered tapestry. God's wisdom is not monochrome; it has every shade.

Three words for the believer's right of approach: boldness, access, confidence. All three rest in whom — in Christ. Outside Him there is none of the three.

According to the riches — the measure of His giving is the supply at His disposal, not the size of our need.

Strengthened…in the inner man — Paul prays not for outward circumstances but for inward steel.

Dwell — Greek katoikēsai, to settle in permanently, not merely to visit. Paul prays not for Christ's arrival but for His settling.

Rooted and grounded — two metaphors, agricultural and architectural. Love is both soil and slab.

Four dimensions — but of what? The verse leaves the object implicit until the next verse: the love of Christ.

With all saints — no one apprehends the love of Christ alone. The community shares the comprehension.

A glorious paradox: know the love that passeth knowledge. The verse demands both: experiential apprehension and intellectual humility.

Filled with all the fulness of God — the highest goal Scripture ever sets before a believer. Anything less aims too low.

Exceeding abundantly above — Greek huper ek perissou, a triple superlative. Beyond beyond beyond.

According to the power that worketh in us — He is not just able in theory; that power is already at work in the believer.

Glory in the church — the church is the principal venue of God's eternal glory. Every congregation gathered is part of this eternal doxology.

Throughout all ages, world without end — Greek piles up the eternity-words: eis pasas tas geneas tou aiōnos tōn aiōnōn. Glory without expiration date.