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Pentateuch · Exodus

Exodus 19 — Ye Shall Be a Kingdom of Priests

Summary

In the third month after leaving Egypt, Israel reaches Sinai. God speaks from the mountain. He has borne them on eagles' wings and brought them to Himself. They shall be His peculiar treasure, a kingdom of priests, a holy nation. The people must sanctify themselves. The mountain trembles with thunder, lightning, smoke. The Lord descends in fire.

Key verse

“Ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people... a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation.”

— Exodus 19:5-6

Outline
  1. v.1-6 The covenant offered — a kingdom of priests
  2. v.7-9 Israel's acceptance; God to come in a cloud
  3. v.10-15 Preparation — sanctify, wash, bounds set
  4. v.16-25 The Lord descends in fire; the mountain quakes
Verse-by-verse
4 Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself.

Eagles' wings. A mother eagle teaches her young to fly by stirring up the nest, then carrying the falling eaglet on her own wings until it can fly alone. The image is tender.

Brought you unto myself. The destination of redemption is not first a place but a Person. Egypt was left, the wilderness was crossed — to bring Israel to Him. Salvation's endgame is presence with God.

Cross-references Deuteronomy 32:11-12 · Isaiah 40:31 · Revelation 21:3 · John 14:3
5 Now therefore, if ye will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people: for all the earth is mine:

A peculiar treasure — Hebrew segullah, a king's personal jewel-treasure, set apart from the rest of the wealth. Israel was God's special possession.

1 Peter 2:9 applies the same phrase to the church: a peculiar people. The covenant identity of Israel anticipates the gathered identity of believers from every nation.

Cross-references 1 Peter 2:9 · Titus 2:14 · Malachi 3:17 · Deuteronomy 7:6
6 And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation. These are the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel.

A kingdom of priests. The original purpose for Israel was that every Israelite be a priest — mediator of God to the nations. The Levitical priesthood that came later was a concession after the golden calf (Exodus 32) reduced the priesthood from the whole nation to one tribe.

Revelation 1:6 and 5:10 restore the original vision in the new covenant — all believers made kings and priests unto God. What was offered at Sinai and forfeited there is restored at Pentecost and consummated in eternity.

Cross-references 1 Peter 2:5,9 · Revelation 1:6 · Revelation 5:10 · Hebrews 7:24-25
8 And all the people answered together, and said, All that the Lord hath spoken we will do.

A confident vow that history would not honor. Within forty days they would be worshipping a golden calf (Exodus 32). The people who said all that the Lord hath spoken we will do could not actually do it.

The chapter is one of the most important demonstrations of the bankruptcy of self-righteousness. The law was offered to a people who promised obedience and could not deliver. The need for a new covenant of grace is the entire trajectory from here.

Cross-references Romans 7:18-19 · Galatians 3:10-13 · Romans 3:20 · Jeremiah 31:31-34
12 And thou shalt set bounds unto the people round about, saying, Take heed to yourselves, that ye go not up into the mount, or touch the border of it: whosoever toucheth the mount shall be surely put to death:

Bounds set around the mountain. The people could not approach the holy God directly. The fence was as much for their preservation as for the honor of God.

Hebrews 12:18-24 explicitly contrasts Sinai (with its bounds and fear) with Zion (where believers come boldly through Christ). The new covenant access we enjoy was not available to the saints under the old.

Cross-references Hebrews 12:18-24 · Leviticus 10:1-3 · Hebrews 4:16 · Hebrews 10:19-22
18 And mount Sinai was altogether on a smoke, because the Lord descended upon it in fire: and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly.

The most terrifying theophany in the Old Testament. Smoke, fire, quaking mountain, blast of trumpets. The God of the burning bush now appears as God of the burning mountain.

Hebrews 12:21 — so terrible was the sight, that Moses said, I exceedingly fear and quake. Even the man who had stood before God before was terrified. Holiness on full display has always overwhelmed sinners.

Cross-references Hebrews 12:18-21 · Deuteronomy 4:11-12 · Psalm 68:8 · Habakkuk 3:3-6
Key doctrines
The Believer as Priest
Exodus 19:6 · 1 Peter 2:5,9 · Revelation 1:6 · Hebrews 4:14-16
The Inadequacy of Self-Promised Obedience
Exodus 19:8 · Romans 7:18-19 · Galatians 3:10-13 · Jeremiah 31:31-34
The Holiness of God Requiring Bounds
Exodus 19:12-13 · Leviticus 10:1-3 · Hebrews 12:18-21 · Isaiah 6:3-5
Mount Sinai vs. Mount Zion
Exodus 19 · Hebrews 12:18-24 · Galatians 4:24-26 · Hebrews 4:16
Application

You are a priest. Whatever your daily work, your calling in Christ is priestly — mediating God's presence into the spaces you occupy. Live as one. Pray for the people around you. Speak God to them and them to God. The original vision of Sinai is restored to every believer in the new covenant.

Christ in this chapter

The mountain that could not be touched in Exodus 19 prepares the way for the Mount of Olives where Christ wept (Luke 19:41), the Mount of Transfiguration where He shone (Matthew 17:2), and the Mount of Calvary where He died (John 19:17). The terror of Sinai gave way to the welcome of Zion — and the welcome was purchased by the One who Himself bore the terror so we would not have to.

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